Posts Tagged ‘Liberté intellectuelle’

Lecture (rapide) de Intellectual freedom manual 2006

Friday, June 8th, 2012

Office for Intellectual Freedom, 2006, Intellectual freedom manual, 7th ed., American Library Association

Evelyn Shaevel, Beverley Becker, and Candice D. Morgan, “Challenges and Issues Today” pp. 45-52
p. 45:

These objections [to unlimited access to information] currently center upon four major issues: (1) access to the Internet, (2) the right of youth to access library materials, (3) the privacy of library patrons and the confidentiality of patrons’ records, and (4) access to government information.

p. 52 “Access to government information” (citant les lois anti-terroristes qui limitent l’accès à l’information gouvernementale et les nouvelles lenteurs des demandes d’accès à l’information):

Libraries are the means by which all individuals in this country have free access to information produced by governments. When access to government information is restricted or removed, libraries are unable to accomplish this very important aspect of their mission. Federal and state document depository systems as well as freedom of information laws provide the means for libraries to acquire the publications and reference information necessary to provide library users with government information.

Judith F. Krug, “Libraries and the Internet” pp. 394-401
p. 394-5:

Intellectual freedom is based on the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, particularly the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech clauses. Librarians have interpreted these clauses to mean that all people ave the right to hold any belief or idea on any subject and to express those beliefs or ideas in whatever form they consider appropriate. The ability to express an idea or a belief is meaningless, however, unless there is an equal commitment to the right of unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium. Intellectual freedom, then, is the right to express one’s ideas and the right of others to be able to read, hear or view them.

Lecture (rapide) de Jones 2009 Protecting Intellectual Freedom in your Academic Library

Friday, June 8th, 2012

Jones, 2009, Protecting intellectual freedom in your academic library : scenarios from the front lines, Office for Intellectual Freedom, Chicago : American Library Association

(p. 17) Encadré sur le cas de Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957) où la Cour suprême des USA a déclaré l’importance de la liberté académique dans l’université.

(p.50) Dans son premier chapitre, Jones précise :

Scholarly Communication
Scholarly communication is a new term for the ancient practice of researching, creating, publishing, and disseminating scholarship. All academic libraries are currently working on a set of activities usually related to this field. These include creating institutional digital repositories for scholarship created by faculty and students on a particular campus and dealing with a host of intellectual property challenges brought forth by the particular problems in a digital environment. The phenomenal rise in cost of scholarly journals has lead to the open-access mouvement, encouraging faculty to retain their copyrights and publish in free, peer-reviewed, publicly accessible web journals.
As the field of scholarly communication continues to develop, it is clear that there are numerous intellectual freedom issues contained within its initiatives. Institutional repositories are subject to the same privacy issues as other library resources. Today’s intellectual property laws, which increasingly restrict open access, are prompting many First Amendment experts to consider the chilling effect of copyright. And the prohibitive costs of library materials have a direct impact on academic library access and services.

(p. 54) le droit de recevoir de l’information fait partie du premier amendement de la Constitution des USA, selon plusieurs décisions du plus haut tribunal du pays:

Griswald v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)

The Court’s subsequent opinion in Griswald v. Connecticut further developed the contours of the right to receive information, identifying “the right to receive, the right to read and the freedom of enquiry” among the rights protected by the First Amendment.

Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 U.S. 301 (1965) – citation directe de la décision:

The protection of the Bill of Rights goes beyond the specific guarantees to protect from Congressional abridgment those equally fondamental rights necessary to make the express guarentees fully meaningful. I think the right to receive publications is such a fundamental right. The dissemination of ideas can accomplish nothing if otherwise willing addressees are not free to receive and consider them. It would be a barren marketplace of ideas that had only sellers and no buyers.

Board of Education v. Pico (1982):

A lawsuit challenging a local school board’s decision to remove several books from its high school library resulted in Board of Education v. Pico, a seminal 1982 Supreme Court opinion that explicitly recognized the right to receive information in a library. Observing that the First Amendment plays a role in protecting the public’s access to discussion, debate, and the dissemination of information and ideas, the Court held that “the right to receive ideas is a necessary predicate to the recipient’s meaningful exercise of his own right of speech, press and political freedom.” It further identified the school library as the principle locus of the student’s freedom “to inquire, to study and to evaluate.”

Martin v. Struthers (1943) ;

Lecture de Gorman (2000) Our Enduring Values

Friday, June 8th, 2012

J’ai récemment eu la chance de contribuer au colloque sur les bibliothèques numériques de l’ACFAS. Lors de ce colloque, Lyne Da Sylva a proposé une introduction aux bibliothèques numériques (j’y reviendrai) et a cité le livre de Michael Goreman de 2000 intitulé Our Enduring Values : librarianship in the 21st century. Voici une occasion de revisiter ce texte.

Écrit à la frontière de deux millénaires, Goreman désire, dans son texte, explorer les valeurs fondamentales des bibliothèques. L’objectif est double. Dans un premier temps, exprimer nos valeurs fondamentales, exercice axiologique ou épistémologique que nous semblons avoir occulté de notre quotidien. Ensuite, il désire explorer l’émergence de l’environnement virtuel et voir comment ces valeurs fondamentales peuvent guider notre pratique et nos recherches. (Par exemple, il cite «l’exécrable» rapport de la Fondation Benton intitulée “Buildings, Books, and Bytes: Libraries and Communities in the Digital Age” de 1996 pour appuyer sa thèse du vide philosophique de notre pratique).

Dans son chapitre introductif, il propose cette définition de ce qu’est une bibliothèque (p.8):

[What is a Library] Many years ago, there was a simple answer to that question. A library was a building or rooms set appart to house books and other printed materials and make them available for study. That simple definition not only does not fit now, but also has not fit for decades. The word “library” is a concept that embraces library service, library collections, library staff, and a range of activities that take place inside and outside the physical plant that is the most visible manifestation of the concept “library.”

Pour conclure son introduction, il se lance dans l’énumération, très pragmatique, du travail habituel de ces institutions et des agents de cette profession.

Son premier chapitre porte sur l’histoire et la philosophie des valeurs des bibliothèques.

Évoquant leur approche utilitaire, puis la tension entre le pragmatisme et l’idéalisme qui anime les professionnels, il précise que le bibliothécaire moyen est frileux de s’aventurer dans les considérations philosophiques (ce qui n’aide pas a créer un gouffre entre les chercheurs/éducateurs de professionnels puis les praticiens).

Dans tous les cas, il identifie quatre penseurs qui ont posé des théories significatives sur les valeurs des bibliothèques au cours du 20e siècle : R.S. Ranganathan ; Jesse Shera ; Samuel Rothstein ; Lee Finks. Pour chacun, Goreman tisse des liens (par induction) avec les valeurs qu’il proposera au chapitre suivant.

Pour R.S. Ranganathan (1892-1972), il cite ses 5 lois (p. 19)

1. Books are for use.
2. Every book its reader.
3. Every reader his book.
4. Save the time of the reader.
5. The library is a growing organism.
[Five laws of library science, 2nd ed. Asia Publishing House]

tout en précisant qu’il faut lire ces préceptes avec un oeil moderne – “book” réfère à tous les types d’objets des collections des bibliothèques. Il faut noter que le chercheur Indien a également produit des recherches exemplaires sur les théories de la classification et du repérage par sujet.

Ensuite, Goreman explique que Jesse Shera propose une «épistémologie sociale» de la bibliothéconomie, spécifiquement en se questionnant sur comment les humains connaissent; comment la connaissance d’un devient une connaissance commune; l’histoire et la philosophie de la connaissance et l’effectivité des systèmes de bibliothèques à répondre aux besoins de communication des individus et de la société. [Shera, "Toward a Theory of Librarianship and Information Science" in Knowing books and Men: Knowing Computers too, Libraries Unlimited 1973, 93-110]

Puis, Rothstein, ancien directeur de l’école de bibliothéconomie de l’U. British Columbia a proposé, dans sa critique du ALA Code of Ethics for Librarians, une exploration des valeurs communes des bibliothèques. Goreman (p.21) précise que Rothstein s’objectait au recours à l’éthique pour préciser qu’une déclaration de principes aurait été plus approprié. Cette déclaration aurait trois composantes: une déclaration de valeurs, croyances et objectifs; une description des capacités et des connaissances particulières aux bibliothécaires et une liste de dilemmes, problèmes et difficultés particulières aux bibliothèques. [Samuel Rothstein, "In search of ourselves" Library Journal (Jan 15 1968) p. 156-7]

En ce qui concerne Lee W. Fink, Goreman expose sa «taxonomie personnelle de valeurs» (p.24-6) :

professional values: service, stewardship, philosophival values (reason & learning), democratic values, books & reading
general values: work values, social values (tolerance & respect…), satisfaction values
personal [librarian] values: humanistic, idealistic, conservative (respect for the past and change in slow increments) and aesthetical values
Rival values: bureaucracy, anti-intellectualism, nihilism

Voici la liste des valeurs communes des bibliothèques selon Goreman, à la fin de son premier chapitre (p. 26-27):

Stewardship ; Service ; Intellectual Freedom ; Rationalism ; Literacy and learning ; Equity of access to knowledge and information ; Privacy ; Democracy.

Il reprendra chacune de ces valeurs dans un chapitre distinct, après avoir exploré la valeur des bibliothèques (ou leur rôle) dans son second chapitre puis les bibliothèques comme lieu (library as space) dans son troisième chapitre.

Sur la valeur des bibliothèques, Goreman précise

(p. 29) Libraries allow every person in the community served to continue her or his education, to become more knowledgeable, and to live the life of the mind in the way in the way in which she or he chooses. This essence of the value of all libraries is sometimes obscured by the day-to-day minutiae of library use. A person asking a question in a corporate library, a child listening to a story in a children’s library, a person consulting an academic library’s online catalogue – none of these may be thinking of himself or herself as being engaged in lifelong learning, but each of them is.
[...] Through lifelong learning, libraries can and do change lives.

Fait intéressant, Goreman cite ce texte de Jean-Claude Guédon dans on chapitre sur la valeur des bibliothèques:
Jean-Claude Guedon, 1998. “The Virtual Library: An Oxymoron?” 1998 Joseph Leiter Lecture for the Medical Library Association http://www.mlanet.org/publications/old/leiter98.html

Je saute ici ma lecture pour me concentrer sur le chapitre 6 qui traite de la liberté intellectuelle (p. 88-101). Goreman effectue un lien entre la liberté intellectuelle et le premier amendement de la constitution américaine

(p. 88) “In the United-States, that freedom is constitutionally protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution, which states, in part, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging freedom of speech, or of the press.” There is, of course, no such thing as an absolute freedom outside the pages of fiction and utopian writings, and, for that reason, intellectual freedom is constrained by law in every juridiction.
(p.89) [American Library Association] has never defined intellectual freedom.

Goreman précise (p.89) que les débats autour de la liberté intellectuelle reflètent rarement des débats entre ceux qui const “pour” ou “contre” – mais plutôt entre ceux qui ont une vision nuancée ou absolue. La protection des enfants est souvent évoquée comme argument pour limiter la liberté intellectuelle, surtout dans le contexte d’accès à certains documents de la collection d’une bibliothèque (p.89-90). Le lien entre la liberté intellectuelle et la censure est évidente (p.90).

Il cite l’Énoncé sur la liberté intellectuelle de l’Association Canadienne des Bibliothèques (p. 90-1).

Après avoir considérer des exemples de cas (p. 91), Goreman expose les problématiques liées à donner accès à Internet (p.92-5), à la censure au nom des enfants (p.95-6), aux filtres internet (p.96-100).

(Résumé de lecture) Access Principle, Willinsky, MIT Press 2006

Thursday, March 22nd, 2012

Notes personnelles, pas nécessairement représentatives

Objectif du livre : (p. 5) “a commitment to the value and quality of research carries with it a responsibility to extend the circulation of this work as far as possible, and ideally to all who are interested in it and all who might profit from it.” (en italique dans le texte)

Table des matières:
1. Opening
2. Access p.13
3. Copyright p. 39
4. Associations p.55
5. Economics p. 69
6. Cooperative p.81
7. Development p.93
8. Public p.111
9. Politics p.127
10. Rights p.143
11. Reading p.155
12. Indexing p.173
13. History p.189
Appendixes: A. Ten flavors of open access ; B. Scholarly Association Budgets; C. Journal Management Economics ; D. An Open Access Cooperative ; E. Indexing of the Serial Literature ; F. Metadata for journal publishing

Chapitre 2, “Access”
p. 15-7 pratique de la vente en bouquet de titres de périodiques universitaires
p. 21 vanité, fierté… motivation des profs ou chercheurs
p. 22 “research impact”
p. 27 définition de “open access” : Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) ; Bethesda Statement on Open Access
p. 36-7 “Bodies of knowledge that would advance human understanding and benefit humankind seem so clearly a public good that it might well be hard for someone who is not part of the current system of scholarly publishing to understand why the research and scholarship literature is not being made as open as possible. One might argue that the print economy of journal publishing was once as open and far-reaching as is economically possible. Har journal prices not skyrocketed over the last few decades, it is possible that the idea of creating open access would not have taken the form that it has, or at least the idea would not have the force and urgency that it has now assumed”

3. “Copyright”
p. 40 Creative Commons, Lawrence Lessig, James Boyle, Yochai Benkler have challenged copyright extensions before the Supreme Court
p. 41 “Justice Louis Brandeis expressed what is at stake for them in a dissenting opinion he delivered in a 1918 Supreme Court case involving the press: “The general rule of law is, that the noblest of human productions – knowledge, truths ascertained, conceptions, and ideas- become, after voluntary communication to others, free as the air to common use.”" [cited by Benkler (1999, 354): International News Serv. v. Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215, 250 (1918) Brandeis, J. dissenting]
p. 43 Miller v. University Studio, US Fifth Circuit, 1981: qui possède les résultats de recherche, distinction entre expression et idée, faits et objet du droit d’auteur. Citation via []McSherry, C.2001. Who owns academic work? Battling for control of intellectual property Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2001]

5. Economics
p. 77 LOCKSS

8. Public
Digital divide

9. Politics
More access = democratic divide? (put stuff out, less consultation and discussion)

10. Rights
Prix élevés d’accès aux périodiques est-il une attaque aux droits fondamentaux?
Claude, Richard Pierre. 2002. Science in the service of human rights. U. Philadelphia Press
p. 146 “I want to reiterate that a right to know is not solely about having access to knowledge that will prevent harm or reduce suffering. Rather, the right to know, to reiterate this book’s theme, is about having fair and equitable access to a public good. It is about the responsibility of researchers and scholars to ensure that there are no unwarranted impediments to the widest possible circulation of the ideas and information with which they work”
p. 147-8 cite Derrida, Jacques. 2002. Who’s afraid of philosophy: Right to philosophy I. Trans. Jan Plug. Stanford U.P.
Derrida, Jacques. 2001. The future of the profession or the unconditional university. In Derrida downunder, ed. Simmons and Worth, 233-247. New Zealand:
Dunmore
p. 179 [Kant sur l'enseignement de la philo, "What is enlightenment" Berlinische Monatsschrift, 1784] “For Kant, people need the “freedom to make public use of [their] reason in all matters,” that is, “without outside guidance”" (emphase dans l’original) [voir: In Kant: Political writings, ed. Hans Riss, trans. Nisbett, 54-60, Cambridge U.P.]

13. History
p. 189 cite Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) “landmark study on the introduction of print in Europe” The Printing Press as an Agent of Social Change
Johns, Adrian. 1998. The nature of the book: print and knowledge in the making. Chicago U.P.

Appendix F
P. 242 précise que dans le Open Journal System (que son équipe a conçu), le champ “Rights” du Dublin Core indique, par défaut, “Author retains copyright, granting first publication rights to journal (default version)”

Bibliographie (sélection)
Chomsky, Noam. 1997. Media control: The spectacular achievements of propaganda. New York: Seven Story

Samuelson, Paul A. 1954. The pure theory of public expenditure. Review of Economics and Statistics 36: 387-389

Weber, Max. 1930. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism London: Unwin University [cité à la page 191 car les chercheurs traînent leurs portables à la maison, "as if to throw a cable across the devide between workplace and domicile that Max Weber (1930) identifies as a necessary feature of capitalism." via Johns, Adrian p. 629, 1998, The nature of the book: print and knowledge in the making. Chicago U.P.]